Already, many companies suffered real damage when their algorithms led to discriminatory, privacy-invading, and even deadly outcomes. In this environment, AI ethics isn't merely an academic curiosity. It's a business necessity. In "Ethical Machines," Reid Blackman gives organizations what they need to understand AI ethics as a risk management challenge. Chapter 2 details in what ways biased or discriminatory output can arise, what to be aware of when determining appropriate bias-mitigation techniques, some bias-mitigation strategies, and the problems with current approaches, including using software that measures output against various quantitative metrics of fairness.